INTRODUCTION
All Motion Analysis Systems were developed
for the purpose of analyzing movement
The basic framework for all modern systems consists of
hardware and software. All companies provide hardware consisting of either off-the-shelf
products OR their own proprietary items which they manufacture. Every company
includes software to operate the computer as well as follow the programmed biomechanical
instructions to analyze the data and present the results in useful, acceptable formats.
How can a Consumer evaluate the choices
presented?
- What item(s) should the Buyer consider?
- How do the various systems differ?
- Can the meat of the system be separated from the fat of
marketing?
- Which product offers the most advance and efficient motion
analysis system for my needs?
- Refer to the
Refer to the Manual
for complete detail of the APAS functions.
Since all companies engage in marketing efforts to sell
their products, consumers must evaluate the efficacy of the product claims against reality
NOT because a well-known individual or a sales person makes the claim. Everyone has heard
the joke about knowing the sales person is lying if the lips are moving. The Buyer must
acquire accurate information in order to differentiate between sales hyperbole and truth.
"Caveat emptor" -- "let the Buyer beware" extends beyond the pig in
the poke.
Get the BEST for LESS
Your biomechanical system must be ACCURATE, VERSATILE, and
FUNCTIONAL. You should demand the best, get the best, and for the best price!! Usually
getting the BIGGEST BANG for the BUCK is the consumer's first thought regardless of the
product. You want to buy the BEST biomechanical system AND at the BEST price. This
document should help to focus on some of the realistic considerations associated with
biomechanical systems currently offered.
Remember the old adage that "a fool and his money are
soon parted!" Just because a three-piece suit or a "big name" consultant
tell you that their product is good does NOT make it true. Conduct an open-minded,
point-by-point comparison with the Ariel system. Test their claims against those make by
Ariel.
- Check each function they claim to have.
- Compare their prices.
- Verify their credibility.
Correct, honest, and accurate information will lead you to
only one conclusion:
The Ariel Performance Analysis System
(APAS) is the Best !!!
AND
Ariel was the first .......
- Ariel was the first company to
create a biomechanical system for scientific, educational, and commercial applications.
- Ariel introduced the first electronic digitizer (sonic) for
use with 16mm film tracings.
- Ariel was the first to connect a force platform to a
computer AND to write the software to control it.
- Ariel provided the first hardware-software controlled
interface for other input signals such as EMG integrated with the movement analysis
system.
- Ariel was the first to grab video images and store them on
the hard disk for subsequent processing.
- Ariel provided the first computerized video digitizing using
the computer's display monitor as the tracing medium.
- Ariel was the first to invent the Variable Resistance
exercise equipment.
- Ariel was the first to invent the Computerized Exercise
Machines.
- Ariel was the first to connect the motion analysis system
with the Ariel Computerized Exercise System (CES).
- Ariel was the first Biomechanical company to have a Web Site
available on the Internet.
- Ariel introduced the first "On-line" digitizing
system on the Internet. (NetDigi)
You can find more of our "firsts" described
elsewhere and we are very proud of all of them. Our greatest joy is that
and not just because we say so! Check the details for
yourself. Examine all of the options for digitizing, smoothing
and transformation, graphing, stick figure presentations, interfacing with other devices,
and MORE. Remember:
COMPARE PRICES
When you carefully check details about the Ariel
Performance Analysis System (APAS), you will discover that this system is far better than
any other and, in fact, is the most advanced system in the world. Don't hesitate to read
through our system Help and Manual to fortify yourself with more
extensive details.
You will be the ultimate decision-maker. We can tell you
about the power potential and the price. We can urge you to consider the strengths and
merits with each system and balance them against the cost. The
seductiveness of glitz and glitter sales techniques should not cloud the real issue ---
the reality of what the product IS and what it COSTS to have it. Don't let some stuffed
shirt or academic blowhard convince you to buy an inferior product merely because they
disapprove of our marketing skills.
Biomechanical procedures are performed with
good tools NOT with marketing skills.
The following table presents the basic items and their
related costs for a typical motion analysis system. The price range is essentially the
same for all companies although those with specialized, proprietary items may be more
expensive. The range will be approximately $10,000 to $30,000 depending on the kind and
the components purchased. Every company will have similar hardware expenses.
Hardware Costs
(In US Dollars)
- Computer
(Pentium).............................................850-1500
- Camera - (SVHS)
...............................................950-1500
- VCR ---- (60
Hz)........................................…....3500
- Memory -
(8MB)....................................…….....250- 450
- Monitor..................................................……......500-
650
- Camera - (High Speed
120Hz)......................…...5000
- Calibration
Frame.....................................…........200-1500
- Analog to Digital
Converter......................…….....600-1000
- Force Plate
(AMTI).................................…........8300
- Panning
System......................................….........1500-2500
- Tripod....................................................….........200
- EMG electrode
(Active)......................................150
(The balance of the retail price will be for software,
R&D, marketing, and other overhead costs.)
The retail price includes these basic hardware details with
the remainder attributed to "everything else". You will have to decide whether
the retail price, which is what YOU will have to pay, is purchasing a better
product or better marketing .. Does the price reflect appropriate company costs or
marketing and excessive overhead?
In order to provide an actual, detailed comparison, we will
demonstrates facts only. Although each customer has various reasons for the final choice,
one of the main considerations is:
PRICE
We at Ariel Dynamics Inc. hope that you have had an
opportunity to examine various motion analysis systems. If you did, you will find that the
motion analysis system developed by Ariel Dynamics have demonstrated the latest
technological advancement. This system was developed originally by one of the pioneer in
the fields of motion analysis and modern exercise equipment, Dr. Gideon Ariel. As founder
and president of the company, Dr. Gideon Ariel has set standards for the biomechanical
industry which has developed since his efforts in the 1960's.
The Ariel Performance Analysis System (APAS) is the most
advanced computer-based system for the measurement, analysis, and presentation of movement
performance. The study of the motion of living things is known as "Biomechanics"
and it has evolved from a fusion of the classic disciplines of anatomy, physiology,
physics, and engineering. Biomechanical quantification are based on Newtonian equations
and the APAS analytic technique treats the human body as a mechanical system of moving
segments upon which muscular, gravitational, inertial, and reaction forces are applied.
Although the system has been used primarily for quantification of human activities, it has
had some industrial, non-human applications.
Input Options
The computerized hardware/software technique provides a
means to objectively quantify the dynamic components of movement and replaces mere
observation and supposition. The system provides a means to sive Except for specific
applications requiring EMG or kinetic (force platform) data, it is non-invasive. No wires,
sensors, or markers need be attached to the subject.
- Portable
- It is portable and rarely requires any modification of the
performing environment. Cameras can be transported to the site and positioned so as not to
interfere with the subject. Video equipment technology currently available is sufficiently
adequate for most applications requiring accurate motion analysis and is normally the
least expensive particularly when two or more cameras are needed.
- Accurate
- The scale and accuracy of measurement can be set to the
levels required for the activity being performed.
Video Superiority
The ability to record and store the activity as a picture
has a number of advantages:
- The SCIENTIST can make intellectual decisions
regarding the joint centers in each frame rather than using markers attached at the skin's
surface.
- SUBSEQUENT QUANTIFICATIONS are possible since the
video can be reexamined at any time.
- STICK FIGURE RESULTS can be overlapped with the video
pictures for effective result presentations.
Applications
The APAS has been utilized in many areas of interest,
study, or work. Applications have included, but are not limited to the following:
- Sport or athletic applications
have included volleyball, soccer, American football, tennis, track and field events, horse
racing and jumping, and golf.
- Rehabilitative usage includes pre-
and post-hip replacement functioning, gait analysis, and comparisons of bilateral
functions.
- Medical research is using the APAS to quantify
movement in Parkinson patients with and without drugs or before and after surgical
procedures.
- Job quantification
- Task improvement
- Post-injury assessment
- Ergonomic evaluations of job tasks
- Employment evaluations
- Risk assessment
- Worker's compensation
- Disability evaluations
- Job standardization in the workplace
- Industrial applications include product design,
analysis, and improvement as well as evaluating hardware performance such as piston
movement accuracy.
- Artistic applications such as playing the violin, the
harp, or the piano.
- Mammalian research such as
thoroughbred race horse performance, feline locomotion, or monkey leaping.
- Forensic analysis such as injuries
involving football, gymnastics, horse racing, or running shoes.
- Space Research such as of research
on astronaut performances in zero- and one-g environments.
More details are available on the Ariel
Home Page
The APAS is one of the products designed, manufactured,
marketed, and serviced by Ariel Dynamics. Technological excellence and innovation are the
goals of the staff and owner of the company. Corporate facilities are located in Trabuco
Canyon, California and the sales/service offices are in San Diego, California. Additional
information about the company, founder, products, research applications, and other
pertinent details can be found on our Internet Home Page at
/
* * * * * * * * *
Advantages of Computers and Biomechanics
The advent of computers and the continuous evolution of
faster machines allowed the sophisticated, proprietary software of the APAS to quickly and
accurately calculate the movement parameters. The long and tedious hours of hand
calculations associated with biomechanical analysis were replaced with rapid, error-free
results.
A typical kinematic analysis using the Ariel Performance
Analysis System consists of four distinct phases:
- Data collection (filming)
- Digitizing
- Computation
- Presentation of the results
Points to Consider
In order to make the BEST decision about the
Movement Analysis system most suitable for YOUR USE, the following points should be
considered:
Accuracy of the system
Easy and simple procedures
User friendly software
Modular
Portability
Upgradibility
Cutting edge technology
Connectivity
Internet compatibility
Software Technology
Upgrade Policy
Replaceability
Workstations
Service and Repair response
Population of users
Comparison Chart
Accuracy of the system
Easy and simple procedures
User friendly software
Modular
Portability
Upgradibility
Cutting edge technology
Connectivity
Internet compatibility
Software Technology
Upgrade Policy
Replaceability
Workstations
Service and Repair response
Population of users
Comparison Chart
Accuracy of the system
Easy and simple procedures
User friendly software
Modular
Portability
Upgradibility
Cutting edge technology
Connectivity
Internet compatibility
Software Technology
Upgrade Policy
Replaceability
Workstations
Service and Repair response
Population of users
Comparison Chart
Accuracy of the system
Easy and simple procedures
User friendly software
Modular
Portability
Upgradibility
Cutting edge technology
Connectivity
Internet compatibility
Software Technology
Upgrade Policy
Replaceability
Workstations
Service and Repair response
Population of users
Comparison Chart
The Ariel Performance Analysis System (APAS) is considered
to be one of the most accurate system available today. Independent studies, by various
organizations and institutions, have shown the APAS to be accurate, valid, and reliable at
high levels.
For example, a study by MOCO, Inc.
performed for NASA, demonstrated that the APAS was as accurate as the Ascension Flock Of
Birds. The Flock of Birds system is a very accurate direct measurement position device
utilizing wires and transmit-receive electronics.
Additional studies by NASA determined that the Ariel
System's accuracy was superior even under constrained conditions such as with data
collection under water and wide angle
lenses. Another study, published in the Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil,
demonstrated the accuracy of the APAS. Additional studies are
available.
Responses from our customers to
question by the Biomch-L list on the accuracy of the APAS system, illustrates our
customers satisfaction.
 Decisions Top
The APAS is easy to operate with logical, step-by-step
procedures accompanied by an on-line help screen. However, one of the best ways to
evaluate the ease and simplicity of operating the APAS is to read the manual. The APAS manual describes all the available
functions and how they are performed. Not only will you be convinced that there is no
system as extensive nor as sophisticated but, at the same time, you will discover the ease
with which you can use the APAS.
Decisions Top
The APAS is integrated in an off-the-shelf
Pentium/586/686 based computer. No unique, specially-designed hardware is required.
The APAS can be extended to an additional IBM compatible computer for use as a
Workstation. In addition, the Ariel system runs on any notebook computer making it easily
portable. A notebook computer allows data to be acquired anywhere. Regardless of which
computer is selected, the acquired data can be transferred among geographically distant
sites via the Internet or within the Laboratory on any LAN system.
Decisions Top
The menu-driven system allows the user to follow on-screen
directions. In case a question arises, pressing the ? key immediately produces a help
screen. In addition, an on-line manual is
available. The Internet interface allows users to communicate through Forums or user
groups.
Decisions Top
The APAS is a modular system using off-the-shelf computers,
A/D boards, VCR, any additional computer peripherals, as well as cameras with speeds of 60
Hz to 10,000 Hz. In other words, there are no specialized, proprietary hardware
requirements. If your printer breaks or you want a larger color monitor, you can purchase
the new component at any computer or video store. If you damage or break some part, we can
ship a replacement within 24 hours and you will need merely to insert it. No other company
in the world in this business can perform for you like this.
Also, you may purchase additional modules at different
times. All you will have to do is plug it into the system and you ready to resume work.
When upgrading hardware, you will not have to change the
entire system, but only the specific part. The other parts are still good which makes this
is a very flexible and economical system.
Decisions Top
The Ariel Performance Analysis System (APAS) was designed
to be portable. The desk top computer, monitors, VCR, and other peripherals can be
arranged on a cart for easy mobility. The notebook computer option affords even greater
versatility. Because the notebook and the cameras are light-weight and readily
transportable they can be taken virtually any place for data collection and analysis. For
example, EMG data can be collected at any site with the notebook and, subsequently, the
data can be transferred to the desktop system. Communication between the main desktop
computer and the notebook or another computer located elsewhere in the world can be
accomplished in seconds via the Windows-95 interface, Internet linkage, and/or through
Local Area Network (LAN). The APAS was designed from its conception for on-line
communication and the Internet provides a natural "central nervous system" as
the interface between local and global integration.
Decisions Top
The staff at Ariel Dynamics, Inc. is continuously
developing new options and programs for the APAS. These upgrades frequently involve newly
available electronic technology, new mathematical algorithms, or user requested software.
Customers anywhere in the world can download the new software at no additional cost
directly from our Internet server site. Downloading is a simple process and the upgrading
procedure requires no specialized software or hardware expertise.
Decisions Top
Most of our personnel are trained in various fields such as
Exercise Sciences, Biomechanics, Nuclear Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Computer
Sciences, and Neurological Sciences. In fact, there's a joke among some people that
"in the Ariel company, even the truck driver has a Ph.D." Please feel welcome
talking with us directly, through E-Mail, or via the Internet. Frequently, you will have
the opportunity to meet us in the booth at conferences. We will be the most recognizable
because our booth is usually the only one without three-pieced suits! Don't expect to see
us wearing suits and ties but be prepared to find us friendly and the most knowledgeable.
The strength of our company is knowledge and the superior product. Fancy clothes or
expensive brochures are available elsewhere. Please stop by, meet us, and check the
product -- you won't be disappointed.
Decisions Top
The Ariel company has always blazed the trail in the area
of Biomechanics. The Ariel company was the pioneer in providing the first computerized
electronic QUANTIFICATION of human and biological motion, the first biomechanical SERVICE
commercially available to industry, and, most recently, the first computerized
biomechanical PRODUCT in the world. INNOVATION, CREATIVITY, KNOWLEDGE,
and effective UTILIZATION of the NEWEST TECHNOLOGY available have maintained
the Ariel company and its products on the leading edge. Other companies merely copy or
struggle to keep the pace. Time after time, however, Ariel technology wins by wide margin.
Decisions Top
The APAS is an "Open" system. Any data
collected with the APAS, whether video, kinematic, kinetic, or analog data, such as EMG,
force plate, etc.) can be downloaded to virtually any program. Most formats are supported,
including ASCII, Spreadsheet, DIF, as well as many graphic formats, such as PCX, Bitmap
etc. It is the only system in the world that can interface with other popular programs as
Excel, Lotus-123, Access, Word for Windows, Microsoft Office, Coral, and many more.
Decisions Top
The APAS was Internet compatible before the Internet! As
early as 1976, data was transmitted through a modem from the Montreal Olympic Game site to
our office in Amherst, Massachusetts. The data was analyzed and electronically transmitted
to the Olympic Site and the Olympic Committee center. Images were transmitted in ASCII
codes and reconstructed at the receiving site. Not only was this a laborious effort and
time consuming task but extremely expensive in telephone toll costs! However, Ariel
Dynamics will always be able to proudly declare: "We were ahead of our time".
Today, of course, the Internet has became the core of our communication system. We are
connected with hundreds of customers and produce multi-site research from the US to
Denmark, France, Israel, Japan, and other locations. You can link to Dr.
Ariel's presentation at the International Society of Biomechanics meeting in Finland
to see how Ariel pioneered this field.
Video data can be collected in one country and transmitted
through the Internet to another site for quantification. The resulting analytic results
can be transferred to another country or any site on the Internet for presentation or
data-base compilation. Final results and documentation can be transferred from the various
processing sites via the Internet to headquarters. All interaction via the Internet can be
performed over local telephone, LAN lines, or network service providers for minimal costs.
The APAS is the only system in the world that can accomplished this level of Internet
integration.
Decisions Top
The software upgrade, as mentioned previously, is provided
to customers without charge. The hardware challenge is slightly more difficult. As
everyone knows, electronic developments are advancing at lightning speed. In most cases,
hardware advances primarily affect the computer's processor and memories. The customer can
purchase virtually any compatible computer, transfer the video boards, frame grabber,
cameras, VCR, etc. from the older system and Ariel Dynamics will make every possible
effort to ensure that the Ariel software and the new hardware components will be
compatible. In those unusual situations, some off-the-shelf computers may not work
correctly at the beginning. In those situations, Ariel Dynamics and its staff will assist
the customer to facilitate the upgrade for little or no additional cost.
Decisions Top
As noted previously, hardware improvements and new products
are continuously being introduced to the market. If a customer wants to replace his/ her
equipment, Ariel Dynamics will assist in these efforts and charge only for the hardware
equipment costs. In many cases, a customer can frequently sell his/her equipment to
another organization and replace them with newer models from Ariel Dynamics.
Decisions Top
Ariel Dynamics provides an amazing, unique opportunity for
their customers. When you purchase an APAS, Ariel Dynamics will install any number of
Workstations in your lab or institution. This means that you get more systems for the
price of just one APAS. The advantage of this offer is that you could have a master system
in your office and provide students or technicians with additional units as workstations.
The only different between the main system and the workstations is that analog and video
data cannot be collected with the workstations although all other analytic processes can
be performed.
In other words, you can purchase just one APAS yet extend
the capabilities to multiple computers. With one APAS purchased for the basic price of
approximately $20,000.00 (US), extending to 5 additional Workstations reduces the cost per
station to approximately $3500.00. No other company can match this offer.
The motivation for Ariel Dynamics to provide this
opportunity is straightforward. Budgetary considerations often prohibit purchasing more
then one system. By providing the ability to increase productivity, more research can be
pursued. When you present your research, perhaps we will benefit from any credit described
in your experiment. In addition, this provides contact with the scientific environment
which is both a corporate and personal interest.
Decisions Top
Initially, every effort will be made to repair your system
via modem. The majority of problems are resolved in this manner. However, occasionally the
customer will need to return his/her equipment.
When a customer has such a repair need, Ariel Dynamics can
send equipment replacements immediately by Federal Express. You will then need to send
your equipment for repair. Service normally requires one day to determine the location of
the damage and replace it. Then your equipment will be returned. This means you will
rarely be down more then 24 hours.
Decisions Top
By purchasing the Ariel Dynamics APAS, you join the leaders
in your field as well as organizations such as NASA, Olympic Committees, Research
Laboratories, and leading Universities around the world. For selected users, see the World Wide Users section on our Web Site. In December 1995, the
following International customers purchased the APAS:
- Dr. Robert Wainwright, Kinematic Consultants Inc. Compuserve
73541,1577
- Dr. Erik B. Simonsen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
Internet: E.Simonsen@mai.ku.dk
- Dr. Doris Miller, Univ. Of Western Ontario, London Ontario
- Dr. Jozsef Tihanyi, Hungarian University of Physical
Education,
INTERNET: VACZI@mte.hupe.hu
- Dr. Lars Oddsson, Boston University, Internet:
loddsson@bu.edu Research Assistant Professor, NeuroMuscular Research Center, homepage:
http://nmrc.bu.edu Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston MA 02215, (617)
353-9633 or 353-9757, FAX 353-5737.
- Dr. Itzak Mizrahi, Technion Research and Development, Haifa,
Israel. Fax: 972-4-221680.
- Helmholtz-Institut fur Biomedizinische Technik. Germany.
- University of Salford, England.
- Ergo Inc. Herzelia, Israel.
- Intel Inc. Jerusalem, Israel.
- Wingate College, Israel.
. . . and other institutions.
Decisions Top
Check the comment from the ISBS President:
8-8-2000
Dear Claire,
Before you buy either the MA or Vicon systems make sure you have a look
at
the APAS system.
It is much less expensive, user friendly, and better in my opinion.
I am
not up to date with the latest systems of Motion Analysis and Vicon but
I
find that the APAS system is very versatile in offering high speed data
capture (240 HZ) at low prices, error free digitising with the
capability
of mixing automatic and manual digitising and with digitising black not
just bright spots. This saves an enormous amount of time with
trying to
get exactly the right lighting enviroment for automatic digitising and
having the endless frustrations of trying to get 'clean' 3D data of
numerous markers. We have just used the APAS system to collect
data on
golf puts using specatators at the British Open. We were outside
in
bright sunshine and collected data at 240 Hz from 2000 subjects.
We are
now happily digisiting that data automatically on the APAS system.
For
this project I needed to export the data to run my own Fortran programs
on
it. This was easy to do on the APAS system.
I am normally a believer in 'you get what you pay for'. This is an
exception. You get better for much less with the APAS system for
several
reasons. 1. Gideon Ariel has the ability and drive to
develop everything
himself and uses only a small support staff. 2. He does this
part of his
business because he loves biomechanics - he is extremely wealthy from
other business ventures and does not rely on this side of his
business to
make vast sums of money.
I have not seen the lastest versions of Vicon and MA. However, I
have had
experiences with MA and did not stop throwing money at expensive
upgrades
etc. In the three years I was at Perth we didn't have one study
published
from the Motion Analysis system and despite the time and money
that was
thrown at it, the system didn't ever work in a friendly way. It kept
seizing up, was unfriendly for downloading data for other programs, had
to
be used indoors in highly controlled lighting environements and, even
then, there was so much time spent in trying to get clean continuous
paths
and interpolating excessively that we would have been better off
digitising manually (if it had given us that option). Their newer
system,
which I think is Window's based, may be much better (it would certainly
need to be). What you should be aware of though, is that the service was
extremely slow, they passed the buck from one staff member to another,
and
their solution to any problem was generally an expensive upgrade rather
than providing technical assistance. In contrast, whenever I
need
clarification of anything on the APAS system I e-mail Gideon directly.
The
reply is always within one day and often within the first hour of
sending
the message.
Claire, I have no vested insterest in the APAS system and have taken the
time to write to you for two reasons:
1. I am grateful to Gideon for his concern for individuals and the
growth
of biomechancis rather than simply making large amounts of money.
2. As the current President of the ISBS I am eager to see an
increase in
the volume of biomechanics research. Progress is currently
thwarted by
uneccessarily expensive systems that prevent many people from
contributing
to the science. The APAS system has brought analysis within the
reach of
ordinary departments and individuals. If one has a reasonable
budget, the
saving on video analysis equipment can be used towards other equipment
such as force plates and EMG etc (by the way, Gideon has an analogue
module that integrates nicely with the video system). You could
have a
much more versatile, friendly, and complete system for less than you
will
pay for a Vicon or MA system. Further, you can get a site license for
little extra cost and have your students, even at undergraduate level,
doing some real research on a powerful and friendly system.
I too was sceptical of the offers made by the Ariel company. In
fact,
when I hosted the 1999 ISBS conference in Perth I initially rejected
Gideon's offer to give delegates free Ariel software. As I
got to know
Gideon I realised that he is genuine in his desire to facilitate
biomechanics research. If I was not convinced of this I would not
be
risking my reputation as the President of the ISBS.
I strongly suggest that you have a look at the APAS system before
spending
excessively and unecessarily on either the MA or Vicon systems.
Sincerely,
Ross
Professor Ross Sanders PhD
Chair of Sport Science
Department of Physical Education Sport and Leisure Studies
Moray House Institute of Education
The University of Edinburgh
Cramond Road North
Edinburgh EH4 6JD
Email r.sanders@ed.ac.uk
Telephone (+44) 131 312 6001 ext 208 or 212
Fax (+44) 131 312 6335
ISBS: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs
Professor Ross Sanders PhD
Chair of Sport Science
Department of Physical Education Sport and Leisure Studies
Moray House Institute of Education
The University of Edinburgh
Cramond Road North
Edinburgh EH4 6JD
Email r.sanders@ed.ac.uk
Telephone (+44) 131 312 6001 ext 208 or 212
Fax (+44) 131 312 6335
ISBS: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/External/isbs
|
TOP 
APAS 
