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High Technology in Athletic Training and Performance Analysis

By Gideon Ariel, Ph.D.

13th Asian Games Scientific Congress Bangkok Thailand

12/6/98

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Table of Contents

High Technology in Athletic Training and Performance Analysis By Gideon Ariel, Ph.D. 13th Asian Games Scientific Congress Bangkok Thailand

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Special Thanks to: Dr. Siriphol M.D. Dr. Supit Ph.D. Ms. Siriporn MS

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KINEMATIC PROCESSING STEPS

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Under the auspices of the International Track and Field Coaches Association, the track and field events which were performed at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, were selected to illustrate these procedures because these activities uniquely captivate an enthusiastic world-wide audience

The purpose of the research conducted at the XXVI Olympiad in Atlanta was to expand the biomechanical applications and the interactive capabilities of the Internet to make sport performances rapidly available to everyone

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Essentially, in Internet terms, the entire process consists of the following steps:

Utilizing the tools available in Cyberspace, the Biomechanist, The Coach and the Sport Scientist can retrieve and display data as well as documents from virtually anywhere on the planet. Studies can be conducted at multiple locations and data rapidly exchanged among these sites.

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Procedures

There were 18 throwers during the qualifying round and the best 8 athletes competed for the Gold medal in the final round.

Video cameras were placed in several locations to maximize the data obtained for the event

Because the discus throw involves both linear and rotary motion, the optimal data collection situation utilizes at least three cameras placed appropriately so that none of the athlete's motion is obscured

Under normal conditions, a pre-measured calibration device or scale factor is placed in the field of study, filmed, and used for subsequent analyses

However, for this study, a unique difficulty was encountered because there was no opportunity either to place a known scale factor in the circle or to access the event location to directly measure objects located in the field of view

Dimensions of known factors and various other measured objects in the field of view were used for the calibration points

A unique technique which was devised to create a calibration cube from known measurements on the field as well as utilizing the athletes' body measurements

The average error in the 250 cm diameter dimension determined for these 40 measurements was 2.88 cm (1.2%), for a subject to camera distance of over 90 m

Considering the fact that calibration objects were not allowed on the field, this method was found to be adequate under the circumstances and deemed to be acceptable for this study. Since the variation in throws of the same athlete is more then 10 percent, the error in measurement of less then 1.5 percent was acceptable in the present study

Biomechanical Analytic Procedures

For each camera view, 21 data points were digitized. The 21 points included 19 points for the athlete and 2 additional points located within the throwing circle

body parts included the foot (5th metatarsal), ankle, knee, hip, wrist, elbow, and shoulder for the left and right sides of the body as well as the right hand, discus, base of the neck, mastoid process, and the top of the head and (2) the hash marks located on the edges of the throwing circle on the left and right sides were used for calibration verification

Results for the top four athletes, that is first, second, third, and fourth places were selected for this study

The order of finish was: Riedel representing Germany (GER) winning the Gold, Dubrovschchik from Belarus (BLR) finishing second, the bronze medal was won by Kaptyukh from Bulgaria, and the fourth place finisher was Washington representing the United States.

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The resultant release velocities calculated for the best throws performed by the top four competitors in order of finish were 3080.1 cm/sec for Riedel (GER), 2718.5 cm/sec for Dubrovschchik (BLR), 2599.0 cm/sec for Kaptyukh (BLR) and 2498.0 cm/sec for Washington (USA).

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The projection angles in the YZ plane represents the angle with respect to the horizontal were 21.9, 29.1, 37.3, and 29.9 degrees for Riedel, Dubrovschchik, Kaptyukh, and Washington, respectively.

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The heights of release of the discus were 1.5 m, 1.75 m, 1.6 m, and 1.21 m for Riedel, Dubrovschchik, Kaptyukh, and Washington, respectively.

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The elapsed times to complete the turns of the throw were 3.0 seconds for Riedel, 2.3 sec for Dubrovschchik, 1.9 sec for Kaptyukh, and 1.6 seconds for Washington.

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Throwing Kinematics for Top Four Discus Performers at 1996 Atlanta Olympics

The combined effect of the projection velocity, projection angle, and height of release resulted in medalist throws of 69.4 m (Olympic record) by Riedel (GER), 66.6 m by Dubrovschchik (BLR), 65.8 m for Kaptyukh (BLR), followed by 65.4 m for Washington (USA). The aerodynamic variable of angle of attack was not determined for these throwing trials

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A DISCUS THROW - A CASE STUDY

Purpose:

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Methods

Phases of the Discus Throw:

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Differences:

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The Cyber Coach

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Author: Gideon Ariel

Email: gideon@arielnet.com

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